How Women’s Leadership Shapes Happier Nations?

How Women in Power Foster National Happiness

Introduction

The pursuit of happiness is a universal human aspiration, yet some nations demonstrate greater efficacy in achieving it than others. Happiness is not merely a personal pursuit but a cornerstone of societal progress. As nations increasingly recognise its importance, it has become a critical measure of governance and public policy. In recent years, the question of what drives societal happiness has gained prominence, with the World Happiness Report (WHR) emerging as a key resource for identifying factors that contribute to national well-being (Helliwell, 2023). The WHR evaluates happiness using metrics, including citizens’ self-assessments of life satisfaction, social support, trust in institutions, freedom to make life choices, and work-life balance. Among the nations consistently ranking highest, such as Finland, Iceland, and Denmark, a significant commonality stands out: women occupy a substantial number of leadership positions. These nations not only excel in earning their citizens’ trust in government but also stand as global exemplars of gender equality and gender equity. (Henley, 2021 & CORDIS EU Research Results, n.d.). 

The connection between women’s leadership and national happiness stems from qualities frequently associated with female leaders, such as inclusivity, empathy, adaptability, and resilience (Dollar, Fisman & Gatti, 2001). Women leaders have supported various policies aimed at promoting and prioritising collective well-being across multiple aspects of society. Examples include policies on gender equality and women’s empowerment, work-life balance, and anti-harassment policies. 

This article explores and analyses the relationship between female-led nations’ policies and national happiness, while examining different governance structures and drawing lessons from the world’s happiest nations. Furthermore, it examines the three highest-ranking countries in the World Happiness Report—Finland, Denmark, and Iceland—all of which are notable for their female-led governments. By examining these nations, it aims to draw insightful conclusions about the connection between female leadership, governance, and societal well-being. Finally, it explores how male-dominated governments struggle with issues such as lower trust in governance, higher corruption, and persistent gender disparities, contrasting these challenges with the benefits observed in more inclusive leadership structures.

 Happiness metrics and the role of governance 

How can we assess happiness? What is it that varies from country to country that affects the well-being of citizens? The World Happiness Report (WHR), an annual index, offers insights into these questions. It is a publication featuring articles and rankings on global happiness, based on individuals’ self-assessments of life satisfaction (Helliwell, 2023). Several factors determine a country’s happiness rate, including the assurance that individuals have something to rely on throughout challenging times (social support) (OECD, n.d.), the perception of fairness, transparency, and minimal corruption (trust in governance and its institutions), the ability to live in alignment with personal values and objectives (freedom to make life choices), and the ability to thrive both personally and professionally with the assistance of work-life balance policies are just some of the factors determining a country’s happiness score (Helliwell, 2023). 

Governance plays a pivotal role in shaping these metrics. A range of policies addressing different aspects of life while promoting inclusivity and collective well-being, are essential for the creation and preservation of happy societies (Helliwell, 2023). Well-structured, forward-thinking governments empower people and provide equal rights and opportunities, irrespective of their social or economic status, their age, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality (OECD, n.d.). 

Finland: the power of shared leadership

Under the leadership of Sanna Marin, Finland’s coalition government gained recognition as a symbol of gender equality and progressive governance. From 2019 to 2023, Marin and her predominantly female cabinet, including notable figures such as Katri Kulmuni, Maria Ohisalo, Li Andersson, and Anna-Maja Henriksson successfully implemented key policies that contributed to Finland’s ranking as the world’s happiest country for six consecutive years (2018-2023) (CORDIS EU Research Results, n.d.). 

Despite challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, immigration, and economic pressure, Marin’s government remained steadfast in its commitment to progressive values and policy enhancement. First and foremost, they prioritised the support of families with the creation of the “Universal Childcare and Education Policy” which includes the National Childcare Act and was first implemented in 2020. By ensuring access to high-quality early education for every child (CORDIS EU Research Results, n.d.), this policy not only benefits children’s development but also facilitates the highest participation of parents, particularly women, in the workforce.

Implemented in 2022, Finland’s “Parental Allowance System” has garnered well-deserved recognition for its inclusivity. In 2022, a new system was enacted, extending equal opportunities to all parents irrespective of gender or family structure – including single-parent and same-sex families. All parents, regardless of gender, now have the opportunity to participate equally in raising their children, while their financial stability is ensured (Henley, 2021). These reforms in the parental leave system have challenged traditional gender norms while supporting shared parenting responsibilities and child development, promoting gender equality, and enhancing societal well-being through improved work-life balance. 

Finland’s commitment to addressing climate change has also been exemplary, as demonstrated by the ambitious goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2035 presented in the “Climate Act” in 2022. By implementing a variety of measures for promoting renewable resources of energy and sustainable industry practices, Finland has become a leader in climate action (CORDIS EU Research Results, n.d.). The country Finland has emphasised international climate cooperation, supporting global initiatives such as the Paris Agreement and contributing to climate funding for developing countries (CORDIS, n.d.). 

A sense of fairness and inclusion across society is created by these policies. This allows the formation of trust and the citizens’ confidence in leadership, which are essential ingredients for happiness (Helliwell, 2023). 

Denmark: where life comes before work

Denmark’s consistent high rankings in social trust and balance can be attributed in large part to Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen. Serving since 2019, Frederiksen has doubled down on policies that prioritise collective well-being, equality, and inclusivity (Gross-Loh, 2021). 

The main reason hidden behind those rates are work-life balance policies such as the “Flexicurity System” implemented in 2022 and the “Working Environment Act” implemented in 2024 which ensured flexible and short work hours. These are critical factors in its success and overall societal prosperity. Since Danes are some of Europe’s most efficient workers, they efficiently manage their tasks within Denmark’s 37-hour official work week, enabling them to enjoy substantial vacation time, reduced workplace stress, and personal fulfilment (Denmark.dk, n.d.). 

As far as health is concerned, the “Universal Healthcare Policy” implemented in 2020 is another key aspect of Denmark’s approach to bolstering the well-being of its citizens. High-quality public services and access to basic needs for all contribute to reduced financial stress and decreased inequalities among the population (World Health Organization, 2024).

The country’s focus on community-oriented policies such as the “Climate Agreement” implemented in 2020 has led to impressive achievements in environmental sustainability, positioning the nation as a global leader in renewable energy sources (Gross-Loh, 2021). This progress reflects the strong sense of collective responsibility instilled through government initiatives, inspiring citizens to actively participate in community life and work together towards shared goals.

Frederiksen’s leadership is defined by a focus on trust and cooperation between institutions and citizens, fostering a society that values collective well-being over individual profit. Denmark’s success in creating a secure and inclusive environment demonstrates the transformative potential of prioritising social trust, balance, and the welfare of its population. 

Iceland: the nation redefining gender equality

Iceland’s consistent ranking among the happiest nations and its status as a global gender equality leader for over a decade are testaments to its commitment of fostering a fair and inclusive society for its citizens. Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir has championed gender parity since assuming office in 2017, adopting policies that ensure equal opportunities for women, particularly in areas such as equal pay, parental leave, and political representation (Gross-Loh, 2021). 

Furthermore, the “Equal Pay law”, introduced in 2018, is one of the world’s most ambitious and impactful gender equality measures. The law mandates that companies with 25 or more employees must obtain certification to demonstrate that they are paying men and women equally for the same work (Statistics Iceland, 2023). As a result, gender pay gaps are actively addressed, drawing international attention and admiration. 

To empower women, especially mothers, to pursue their dreams, Iceland offers one of the world’s most generous parental leave policies, also known as the “Parental Leave System” which was introduced in 2020. Additionally, various initiatives support women in the workplace, including programmes that combat sexual harassment, promote women’s entrepreneurship, and offer training for women to take on leadership roles. These efforts aim to create opportunities for men and women to thrive equally (Metcalfe, Hueffner & Suss, 2022). 

Iceland’s exemplary progress in gender equality is partly attributed to the high percentage of female representation in government. With women holding 48% of parliamentary seats, Iceland boasts one of the highest rates globally and serves as one of the very few models of female leadership that have ever emerged (Metcalfe, Hueffner & Suss, 2022). Jakobsdóttir fosters a society where citizens feel valued and supported, while these policies serve as a powerful reminder that gender equality is not only a matter of fairness but also a key driver of social stability and national happiness.

When women lead, societies succeed 

The notion that societies thrive under female leadership is rooted in the observation that women leaders often possess qualities such as empathy, inclusivity, and a focus on long-term goals in greater measure than their male counterparts. Indeed, these traits lead to prioritisation of policies that enhance the quality of life and promote a greater sentiment of happiness (Stone, 2014). The policies implemented by female leaders frequently involve various aspects of public life such as healthcare, education, family support, and the environment. 

It is no coincidence that nations with female leaders often experience less corruption, greater transparency, and improved social welfare (World Economic Forum, 2017). Their leadership style fosters trust in institutions and reduces societal stress, cultivating a sense of security and fairness. It inspires equity and equality, resulting in happy and prosperous societies. Encouraging and supporting female leadership can lead to more holistic and compassionate policy-making, ultimately benefiting societies as a whole.

Male-dominated governance: the need for gender balance

Despite evidence suggesting that female leadership can enhance a nation’s overall well-being, most governments today remain male-dominated. Research indicates that male-dominated countries tend to struggle with lower trust in governance, higher levels of corruption and gender inequality, as well as increased societal stress (Dollar, Fisman & Gatti, 2001). The exclusion of women from the decision-making process not only perpetuates gender disparities but also prevents a different perspective that could potentially contribute to a nation’s growth and improve the quality of life of its citizens.

Many European countries face significant challenges in an optimal life-work balance due to fast-paced lifestyles, economic pressures, and stressful working conditions. People often find themselves working endlessly just to survive, yet never have the opportunity to truly live. Greece is a prime example of such a nation, with the parliamentary female representation in its parliament. In such male-dominated societies, citizens often feel a lack of trust in governance and protection (Inter-Parliamentary Union, n.d.). 

Greek women, in particular, face numerous issues such as sexual harassment, which remains an ongoing and largely unpunished problem across public and private spheres (Karakasi, 2023). Femicides continue to be a tragic reality, with minimal progress in addressing or preventing such violence towards women. In 2021, complaints of domestic violence in Greece saw a significant rise of 72.9%. By 2022, the number of women reporting domestic violence to the police more than doubled, increasing by 137,6%. While 4,264 women filed reports in 2020, this number surged to 10,131 in 2022, with 24 of them being victims of femicides. 

Similar remains the situation in Italy, where in 2023, 117 women were killed, with a reduction of only nine cases compared to 2022. Over half of these homicides were perpetrated by the victim’s partner or ex-partner, while 27% were carried out by a relative. These repeating patterns contribute to a sense of hopelessness and frustration, leaving many women – and others– without the necessary support, resources, or representation needed (Karakasi, 2022). 

Conclusion 

Empowering women in leadership is essential for building happier, healthier, and more resilient societies. Nations such as Finland, Iceland, and Denmark demonstrate how gender-balanced governance can lead to economic prosperity, social cohesion, and improved well-being. Adopting gender quotas, supporting leadership training for women, implementing work-life balance policies, and addressing structural barriers like gender bias and unequal pay are only few of the changes needed to be made (Dollar, Fisman & Gatti, 2001). 

Encouraging women to participate in male-dominated fields like policy-making offers strategic and moral benefits and further encourages diverse voices in decision-making processes. Investing in women’s leadership extends beyond fairness—it is a proven strategy to tackling global challenges such as inequality, climate change, and mental health crises. By unlocking women’s full leadership potential, nations can pave the way towards a brighter and more sustainable future for all.

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